Abstract:
Artificial intelligence is transforming higher education, but its adoption in developing countries has been
overlooked. This study analysed this gap through a comprehensive systematic literature review, analysing
AI's use and impact in higher education. A total of 1,521 articles were identified through databases such as
Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar, with 63 selected for review. The findings
indicate that AI is used in various higher education applications, including tutoring, administrative tasks,
instruction, curriculum development, and facilitating new skills acquisition. Many benefits were derived
from its use, such as multitasking, ease of workloads, and customised learning. However, challenges exist,
including abuse by learners, resource limitations, skill gaps, data security concerns, and ethical issues. This
study provides a unique conceptual analysis of AI's impact on higher education institutions, focusing on
developing nations. Surprisingly, few explicit studies exist on AI adoption in higher education in these
countries. The findings will inform policymakers, educators, and stakeholders about AI's potential to
reshape higher education in developing countries, guiding strategic efforts to harness benefits while
mitigating risks.
