Abstract:
There are long-standing tensions between 2 major move
ments in international conservation: one emphasizes increasing
the area set aside for conservation and the other empha
sizes an inclusive, people-centered approach to conservation.
The degree to which these movements harmonize or contra
dict depends largely on how decision makers balance strictly
protected areas (PAs) with flexible other effective area-based
conservation measures (OECMs).
OECMs while respecting the rights of Indigenous People and
local communities (IPLCs) (CBD, 2022). The final wording is
The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity’s
Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
embodies elements of both movements. Target 3 (30×30) sets
ambitious targets to protect 30% of inland water, land, and
marine ecosystems by 2030 through a combination of PAs and
Ensure and enable that by 2030 at least 30 per
cent of terrestrial, inland water, and of coastal
and marine areas, especially areas of particu
lar importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
functions and services, are effectively conserved
and managed through ecologically representative,
well-connected and equitably governed systems
of protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, recognizing indigenous
and traditional territories where applicable, and integrated into wider landscapes, seascapes and
the ocean, while ensuring that any sustainable use,
where appropriate in such areas, is fully consis
tent with conservation outcomes, recognizing and
respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and
local communities, including over their traditional
territories.
